Distance matrix

From Cosmopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

In mathematics, a distance matrix is a matrix (two-dimensional array) containing the distances, taken pairwise, of a set of points. It is therefore a symmetric N×N matrix containing non-negative reals as elements, given N points in Euclidean space. The number of pairs of points N×(N-1)/2 is the number of independent elements in the distance matrix. Distance matrices are closely related to adjacency matrices, with the difference that the latter only provides the information which vertices are connected but does not tell about costs or distances between the vertices. Therefore a distance matrix can be thought of as a weighted form of an adjacency matrix.

For example, suppose these data are to be analyzed. Where pixel euclidean distance is the distance metric.

Raw data

The distance matrix would be:

a b c d e f
a 0 184 222 177 216 231
b 184 0 45 123 128 200
c 222 45 0 129 121 203
d 177 123 129 0 46 83
e 216 128 121 46 0 83
f 231 200 203 83 83 0

These data can then be viewed in graphic form as a heat map. In this image, black denotes a distance of 0 and white is maximal distance.

Graphical View

In bioinformatics, distance matrices are used to represent protein structures in a coordinate-independent manner, as well as the pairwise distances between two sequences in sequence space. They are used in structural and sequential alignment, and for the determination of protein structures from NMR or X-ray crystallography.

Sometimes it is more convenient to express data as a similarity matrix.

See also

Template:Mathapplied-stub

ja:距離行列